Necessidade e urgência de revisão da regulamentação brasileira sobre dentifrícios fluoretados, e posicionamento da academia brasileira de odontologia / Necessity and urgency to change the brazilian regulation about fluoride toothpastes, and the statement of the brazilian academy of dentistry why the current brazilian regulation about fluoride toothpastes requires urgent revision?

Introdução: a primeira regulamentação sobre dentifrícios fluoretados do Brasil (Portaria no 22, de 20/12/1989, da ex-Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) estabelecia não só a concentração máxima de fluoreto total (1500 ppm F) que um dentifrício deveria conter em termos de segurança de produto de higiene, como a mínima de fluoreto quimicamente solúvel (potencialmente ativo contra cárie) para garantir o benefício anticárie da escovação dental. Objetivo: demonstrar a necessidade e urgência de revisão da vigente regulamentação brasileira sobre dentifrícios fluoretados e registrar o posicionamento da Academia Brasileira de Odontologia. Fonte de Dados: Lilacs, PubMed, SciELO e nos arquivos do laboratório de Bioquímica Oral da FOP-UNICAMP. Síntese dos Dados: desde 1994, a Portaria nº 22 sofreu contínuas modificações culminando com a resolução ANVISA RDC No 530 de 04/08/2021. As mudanças feitas não foram baseadas no conhecimento científico mundial, do qual a Odontologia brasileira é referência. Assim, desde a primeira mudança feita em 1994, não mais foi dada importância à qualidade do fluoreto de um dentifrício, priorizando apenas a quantidade máxima de fluoreto total que ele deveria conter. Dezenas de publicações científicas tem sido feitas alertando para esse erro histórico, mas até o momento se mostraram infrutíferas. Trata-se de problema de saúde pública, pois em acréscimo tem afetado a população mais vulnerável à cárie dentária. Conclusão: a necessidade e urgência da revisão da resolução ANVISA nº 530, requer ação da sociedade como um todo, razão desta revisão e posicionamento formal circunstanciado da Academia Brasileira de Odontologia (AcBO).

Introduction: the first Brazilian regulation on fluoride toothpastes (Ordinance No 22 of 12/20/1989, of the National Health Surveillance Secretariat) established not only the maximum concentration of total fluoride (1500 ppm F) that a toothpaste should contain in terms of safety oral hygiene product, but also the minimum concentration of fluoride chemically soluble fluoride (potentially active against caries) that should contain to have ensure the anticaries benefit of toothbrushing. Objective: to prove the need and urgency of reviewing the current Brazilian regulation on fluoridated toothpastes and record the statement of the Brazilian Academy of Dentistry. Sources of data: Lilacs, PubMed, and SciELO databases and in the files of the Laboratory of Oral Biochemistry from FOP-UNICAMP. Synthesis of data: since 1994, the Ordinance No. 22 underwent continuous changes, culminating in 08/04/2021 with the resolution ANVISA RDC No 530. The changes made were not based on the best scientific evidence of the subject, that has the Brazilian Dentistry as an international reference. Thus, since the first change made in 1994, less importance has been given to the quality of fluoride in a toothpaste than the maximum amount of total fluoride that it should contain. Dozens of scientific publications have been made warning of this historic mistake, but so far, they have been shown fruitless. It is a public health problem that affects mainly underprivileged populations, who are most vulnerable to dental caries. Conclusion: the need and urgency for a revision of the Brazilian regulation ANVISA RDC No 530 to ensure that the population receives fluoride toothpaste with a minimum concentration of soluble fluoride with anticaries potential is the reason of this review and the formal position of the Brazilian Academy of Dentistry (AcBO).

Effects of different polishing procedures on the surface roughness and hardness of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) / Efecto de diferentes procedimientos de pulido en la rugosidad y dureza de superficie de un material a base de poliéter éter acetona (PEEK)

ABSTRACT: There is insufficient information about the chairside polishing methods of polyether ether ketone material. Therefore, it is aimed in this study to investigate the effects of different polishing processes on polyether ether ketone surface roughness and hardness. A total of 66 disc-shaped specimens made of polyether ether ketone were used in this study. The specimens were polished conventionally and randomly divided into three groups (n=22). One group was designated as the control group, and no further treatment was applied. In the other two groups, the specimens' surfaces were abraded with diamond burs and polished using two different polishing kits. Their surface roughness and Vickers hardness were measured, and environmental scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy examinations were performed. The data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test (α=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the control and polishing kit groups in terms of either surface roughness or Vickers hardness (p>0.05). The polishing kits can be used reliably and effectively for polishing polyether ether ketone materials.

RESUMEN: No existe información suficiente sobre los métodos de pulido del material poliéter éter cetona. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes procedimientos de pulido sobre la rugosidad y dureza de superficie de un material a base de poliéter éter acetona. Un total de 66 muestras en forma de disco fueron realizadas. Los especímenes fueron divididos en tres grupos (n=22). Un grupo fue designado como grupo de control, siendo que no se aplicó ningún tratamiento. En los otros dos grupos, las superficies de las muestras se lijaron con fresas de diamante y se pulieron con dos kits de pulido diferentes. Se investigó la rugosidad de superficie y la dureza Vickers en los diferentes grupos. También fueron evaluadas muestras representativas en microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía de fuerza atómica. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y el método de Tukey (α=0.05). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en términos de rugosidad de superficie o Dureza Vickers (p>0,05). Los kits de pulido se pueden utilizar de forma eficaz para el pulido de materiales a base de poliéter éter acetona.

Visual detection of fluoride based on supramolecular aggregates of perylene diimide in 100% aqueous media.

A water-soluble perylene imide derivative (PDI-Glu) was synthesized and their supramolecular aggregates composed of PDI-Glu and Al3+ were prepared as a "turn on" fluorometric probe to monitor F- in a purely aqueous system. Based on an "indicator displacement assay" (IDA) approach, the sensing performance and mechanism of PDI-Glu/Al3+ complex toward F- were investigated by absorption and emission spectra. It was suggested that disassembly of PDI-Glu/Al3+ aggregates was promoted by addition of F- through the competitive binding between Al3+ and F-. The detection limit is 240 nmol/L. This method featured simple preparation, excellent water solubility, adjustable self-assembly performance, ease of observation and operation, and high selectivity and sensitivity. It was used for monitoring F- in toothpaste and tap water samples with excellent accuracy and recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first water-soluble perylene diimide-based probe for F- detection in 100% aqueous media. We believe this work could not only extend the sensing scope of water-soluble perylene diimide, but also bring some useful information for the rapid detection of anionic analytes  in aqueous media. The disassembly of supramolecular aggregates of PDI-Glu/Al3+ along with significant fluorescence recovery enable a rapid and visual detection of F- based on an "indicator displacement assay" strategy.

Análise da eficácia de dentifrícios clareadores e seus efeitos na superfície dental: um estudo in vitro / Analysis of the effectiveness of whitening dentifrices and their effects on the dental surface: an in vitro study

O clareamento dos dentes pode ser realizado de várias maneiras, em consultório, no âmbito caseiro ou com a utilização de produtos OTC (Over-the-Counter). Dentre esses produtos, existem os dentifrícios clareadores que prometem clarear e prevenir o manchamento dentário. Objetivos: (1) Investigar o potencial clareador e abrasivo de diferentes dentifrícios no esmalte; e (2) avaliar o efeito do dentifrício Oral-B 3D White Perfection® (Oral-B) na prevenção do escurecimento. Materiais e Métodos: Amostras de esmalte bovino foram pigmentadas e escovadas por 14 dias com água (controle negativo) ou com diferentes produtos: Colgate Total 12® (controle), Oral-B, Sensodyne Branqueador Extra Fresh® (Sensodyne) ou Colgate Luminous White Advanced® (Colgate). Oral-B foi testado antes e após pigmentação. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à cor (espectrofotômetro) e rugosidade superficial (rugosímetro). Para cálculo de alteração de cor (ΔDE00) se utilizou o sistema CIEDE2000. Os dados foram analisados com os testes Kruskal-Wallis, SNK e Mann-Whitney (α=5%). Resultados: O controle negativo apresentou a menor ΔE00 (p<0,05) e o grupo tratado com Sensodyne resultou nos maiores valores (p<0,05). Quanto à rugosidade superficial, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos avaliados. O dentifrício Oral-B demonstrou efeito protetivo ao manchamento, resultando em menor alteração de cor (p=0,002). Conclusão: Somente o dentifrício Sensodyne apresentou potencial clareador maior que o dentifrício convencional. A escovação prévia com Oral-B reduziu o manchamento dental, embora não tenha prevenido este totalmente de acontecer. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na rugosidade dos dentes após aplicação dos tratamentos, quando comparado ao controle.

Tooth whitening can be performed at the dental office, at-home or upon the use of OTC (Over-the-Counter) pro-ducts. Among the latter, there are whitening toothpastes that promise to bleach and to prevent tooth staining. Objectives: (1) To investigate the bleaching and abrasive potential of different whitening dentifrices to enamel; and (2) to evaluate the effect of Oral-B 3D White Perfection®(Oral-B) toothpaste in preventing staining. Materials and Methods: Bovine enamel samples were stained and brushed for 14 days with water (negative control) or with different products: Colgate Total 12® (control), Oral-B, Sensodyne Branqueador Extra Fresh® (Sensodyne), and Colgate Luminous White Advanced® (Colgate). Oral-B was also tested before and after staining. The samples were tested by their color (spectrophotometer) and surface roughness (profilometer). Color change (ΔDE00) was cal-culated using the CIEDE2000 color system. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, SNK, and Mann-Whitney tests (α=5%). Results: The negative control showed the lowest ΔE00 (p<0.05), whereas the group treated with Sensodyne resulted in the greatest color change (p<0.05). For surface roughness, there was not any significant difference among the groups. The Oral-B toothpaste showed a protective effect against staining, resulting in the lowest color change (p=0,002). Conclusion: Only Sensodyne toothpaste showed higher whitening potential than the conventional toothpaste. By using Oral-B prior staining reduced significantly the intensity of staining, although without the complete prevention of this event. Significant differences were not observed after treatment concerning roughness in comparison to the control.

Fluoride Levels in Saliva and Plaque following the Use of High Fluoride and Conventional Dentifrices- a Triple Blinded Randomised Parallel Group Trial.

CONTEXT: The comparison of fluoride levels in saliva and plaque following the use of conventional, 2800 and 5000 ppm dentifrices for different time intervals up to 24 hours has not been explored. AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess salivary and plaque fluoride levels at different time intervals following the use of high fluoride dentifrices. STUDY DESIGN: This randomised control trial was conducted on sixty adolescents between the age group of 16 and 18 years divided into three groups A, B, and C. INTERVENTION: Subjects were asked to brush the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth with one of the dentifrices for 2 min. Unstimulated whole saliva and plaque samples were collected at different time intervals. Fluoride levels were determined using SPADNS method. Data was collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS 20 Inc. by mixed repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: A significant difference in fluoride levels was observed at different time intervals in both saliva (p=0.048) and plaque (p=0.03). The variance was low with time and concentration of the dentifrice used in saliva, whereas the magnitude of treatment was large for time (>0.25) but small for (<0.09) concentration in plaque. CONCLUSION: A significant difference in fluoride levels was observed at different time intervals in both saliva and plaque among the three groups. There was a positive correlation between fluoride levels in saliva and plaque. Both high fluoride dentifrices were effective in maintaining higher intraoral fluoride levels up to 12 hours and 5000 ppm up to 24 hours compared to conventional dentifrice.

Contenido de fluoruro en dentífricos de venta en el mercado nacional / Fluoride content in toothpastes sold in the national market

Introducción: Actualmente, existe una gran variedad de pastas dentales que se pueden encontrar en el mercado nacional, para diferentes propósitos. Entre éstas se hallan las empleadas para la prevención de caries. Éstas contienen fluoruro en diversas concentraciones como agente terapéutico, y casi en su totalidad estipulan en sus marbetes un contenido de 1,000 a 1,450 partes por millón (ppm) de fluoruro. Algunos estudios han mostrado que las concentraciones de fluoruro especificadas en la etiqueta y lo encontrado en el dentífrico no coinciden. Objetivo: Evaluar la concentración de fluoruro total con base en la Norma Mexicana NMX-K-539-CNCP-2013, que establece que los dentífricos no deben contener más de 1,500 ppm de fluoruro. Así como determinar si lo declarado en el marbete de sus empaques corresponde al contenido real de fluoruro. Material y métodos: El estudio se realizó, por triplicado, en 37 pastas dentífricas. El método para determinar la concentración de fluoruro fue el de ion selectivo, descrito por la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Resultados: El promedio de concentración de este elemento fue de 1,262 ppm F- (± 170.7). El 59% de los dentífricos analizados no contienen la cantidad estipulada en el marbete. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de fluoruro de los dentífricos se encuentran dentro de la Norma. Las concentraciones no corresponden a lo estipulado en el empaque (AU)

Introduction: Currently, there is a wide variety of toothpastes, which can be found in the national market, for different purposes. Among these are those used for the prevention of dental caries. These, contain fluoride in various concentrations as a therapeutic agent, and almost in their entirety, stipulate in their labels a content of 1,000 to 1,450 ppm of fluoride. Some studies have shown that the fluoride concentrations specified on the label, and what is found in the toothpaste do not match. Objective: To evaluate the concentration of total fluoride based on the Mexican Standard NMX-K-539-CNCP-2013, which establishes that toothpastes should not contain more than 1,500 ppm of fluoride. As well as determining if what is stated on the label of their packaging corresponds to the actual content of fluoride. Material and methods: The study was carried out, in triplicate, on 37 toothpastes. The method for determining the fluoride concentration was that of selective ion, described by the Pharmacopoeia of the United Mexican States. Results: The average concentration of this element was 1,262 ppm F- (± 170.7). Fifty nine percent of the dentifrices analyzed do not contain the amount stipulated in the label. Conclusions: The fluoride concentrations of dentifrices are within the Standard. The concentrations do not correspond to what is stipulated in the package (AU)

DNA-templated copper nanoclusters as a fluorescent probe for fluoride by using aluminum ions as a bridge.

A selective fluorescent on-off-on probe has have designed for the detection of fluoride (F-) ions based on DNA-templated copper nanocluster (CuNCs) and by using aluminum(III) ions as a bridge. A 40-mer polythymine acts as a template for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(0) by ascorbic acid. This result is the formation of red fluorescent CuNCs, with excitation/emission peaks at 340/640 nm. After addition of Al3+ ions, the fluorescence of CuNCs is quenched because the interaction of Al3+ and DNA disturbs the formation of DNA-templated CuNCs. Fluorescence is restored on addition of fluoride to the system. This is due to the desorption of Al3+ from the DNA and the formation of the Al(OH)3F- complex. This system displays a fast fluorometric response to fluoride, with high selectivity over other anions. Fluorescence increases linearly in the 2 to 150 µM F- concentration range, and the detection limit is 1.0 µM. This probe has been successfully used for the detection of F- ions in four brands of toothpaste. The method is rapid, cost-effective, selective, and does not require toxic solvents and reagents. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a method for fluorometric determination of fluoride by using DNA-templated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) and using aluminum(III) as a bridge. The red fluorescence of the CuNCs is quenched in the presence of Al(III) ions but restored after addition of fluoride.

Dopamine integrated B, N, S doped CQD nanoprobe for rapid and selective detection of fluoride ion.

A simple fluorescence turn on sensor for the detection of fluoride ion in totally aqueous medium has been developed by integrating boronic acid functionalized carbon quantum dot (BNSCQD) and dopamine. The intense emission of BNSCQD is quenched due to photoelectron transfer (PET) from BNSCQD to dopamine. A remarkable enhancement of emission intensity in presence of F- is achieved due to high reactivity of F- towards boron centre of the BNSCQD-dopamine complex and hence restricting PET between BNSCQD and dopamine. The LOD of our sensor is 0.7 pM. The sensor is not cytotoxic and could be utilised to trace fluoride level changes in human serum as well as in living cells.

Eficacia clínica de pastas y colutorios blanqueantes sin peróxidos. Hacia una revisión sistemática / Clinical efficacy of whitening toothpastes and mouthwashes without peroxides. Towards to a systematic approach

Introducción: La creciente demanda de estética dental en la sociedad, ha propiciado la venta de dentífricos y colutorios cosméticos sin peróxidos denominados ‘blanqueantes’. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura existente con el fin de esclarecer la eficacia de estos productos sin peróxidos en el aclaramiento o blanqueamiento de los dientes. Material y métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos: Pubmed, Cochrane y Scopus , accediendo al texto completo mediante la red de datos BuCEA de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. De 158 artículos encontrados, se seleccionan 17, que cumplen nuestros criterios de inclusión: ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, in vivo, en los que los pacientes usan pastas dentífricas y/o colutorios sin peróxidos. Resultados y discusión: Se analizan los resultados teniendo en cuenta si se realiza tinción previa y según la forma de aplicación de los productos blanqueantes (cepillado o enjuague). Destaca la acción de los componentes físicos (sílices) y químicos (de limonene, arginina) de los productos blanqueantes en la remoción y eliminación de manchas, que se ve favorecida por la acción mecánica del cepillado. Según los estudios incluidos en esta revisión, el uso de las productos blanqueantes sin peróxidos eliminan tinciones extrínsecas del diente, aunque no aquellas tinciones intrínsecas. Conclusiones: Son necesarios más estudios clínicos que evalúen el efecto de los productos blanqueantes sin péroxidos en pacientes con las mismas condiciones. También es necesario diferenciar entre el concepto de blanqueamiento por remoción de manchas extrínsecas del blanqueamiento interno conseguido con peróxidos (AU)

Introduction: Nowadays a growing interest in dental esthetic, has provoked an increasing sold of bleaching cosmetics products without peroxides. Because of that we realized a systematyc aproach to distinguish if these products without peroxides are efficient in teeth whitening. Material and Methods: We conduct our search in the most important medical database: Medline, Cochrane and Scopus. We used the database BuCEA of UCM to access to the complete text. From 158 articles, we selected 17 articles which folllow our inclusion criteria: clinical trial, in which patients used toothpastes and mouthwashes without peroxides. Results and discussion: The studies are analyzed in different groups, having in mind if there have been previous teeth tintion and the way of application of the whitening product (mouthwashes or teeth brush). We remarked that both of physical and chemical components of the whitening products removed and eliminated only external spots in teeth enamel. The mechanical action of teethbrushing helps to this effect. Conclusion: More clinical studies are neccessary in order to investigate the effect of these whitening products without peroxides in patients with the same conditions. We should also diferenciate between whitening removing extrinsec spots in the enamel from internal bleaching get by peroxides (AU)

A randomized clinical study to assess ingestion of dentifrice by children.

This study investigated whether there was a difference in amounts of dentifrice ingested by children based on age using pea-sized instructions. The study had a randomized, single-blinded, 3-period, crossover design modelled after Barnhart et al. (1974) with one regular-flavored and two specially-flavored dentifrices used ad libitum. Subjects were enrolled in three groups: 2-4, 5-7, and 8-12 years. They were instructed to brush at home as they would normally with each dentifrice for 3 weeks (9 weeks total). On weekly study-site visits, subjects brushed with the assigned dentifrice containing a lithium marker to measure the amount of dentifrice ingested and used. Averaging across dentifrices, amounts ingested were: 0.205 g (2-4 yr), 0.125 g (5-7 yr) and 0.135 g (8-12 yr), demonstrating 2-4 year-olds ingested significantly more than older children (p ≤ 0.002). Averaging across dentifrices, amounts used were: 0.524 g (2-4 yr), 0.741 g (5-7 yr) and 0.978 g (8-12 yr) suggesting an age-related effect (p < 0.01). Findings also showed that ingestion amount for specially-flavored dentifrices may increase relative to regular-flavored dentifrice for children 2-7 years-old. This research demonstrated that dentifrice ingestion amount decreased significantly with age while usage amount increased with age. Importantly, ingestion and usage levels in younger children reflect "pea-sized" direction and were numerically lower than historical levels reported prior to this direction.

Características dos dentifrícios infantis disponíveis no mercado brasileiro / Characteristics of children's toothpastes available in the Brazilian market

Objetivo: Avaliar as características dos dentifrícios infantis disponíveis no mercado brasileiro de acordo com sua apresentação comercial, disponibilidade e preços. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado através da obtenção dos dentifrícios em estabelecimentos comerciais de representação nacional da cidade do Recife/PE, e subsequente análise das embalagens. Resultados: Foram encontradas 21 marcas comerciais de dentifrícios infantis de 10 fabricantes, sendo 12 (57,2%) com fluoreto e 9 (42,8%) sem fluoreto. Dos dentifrícios fluoretados, com exceção de dois, todos apresentaram concentrações acima de 1000 ppm de flúor. Os preços variaram entre R$ 2,25 e R$ 18,40. Todos se apresentaram na forma de gel, sendo a maioria com sabores atrativos para crianças (81,0%) e coloridos (71,4%). Pouco mais da metade forneciam orientações sobre a idade e recomendavam manter fora do alcance das crianças. Conclusão: Verificou-se a ampla oferta de dentifrícios infantis, sendo a maioria fluoretados. Não houve diferença na disponibilidade de dentifrícios com e sem fluoreto. Em geral os dentifrícios sem fluoreto foram os de maior preço. Todos apresentaram algum tipo de apelo publicitário, sendo que os com sabor de "frutas naturais", sem corantes e/ou com personagens de maior apelo publicitário, apresentaram maiores preços. Verificou-se falta de regulamentação e padronização das informações aos responsáveis.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of children's toothpastes available in Brazil according to their commercial presentation, availability, and prices. Methods: This study was conducted by obtaining toothpastes in nationwide supermarket and drugstore chains in Recife, PE, Brazil, and by performing a subsequent analysis of the packaging. Results: This study found 21 brands of children's toothpastes from 10 manufacturers, 12 (57.2%) of which contained fluoride and 9 (42.8%) of which were non-fluoride toothpastes. Most of them had fluoride concentrations of above 1000 ppm. Prices ranged between R$2.25 and R$18.40. All were gels, most of these made with child-friendly flavors (81.0%) and colorful (71.4%). Just over half provided age recommendations for users and advice on keeping the product out of children's reach. Conclusion: There was a wide range of children's toothpastes, all in gel form and most with fluoride. There was no difference in availability between fluoride and non-fluoride toothpastes. In general, toothpastes without fluoride had the highest prices. All used some form of advertising, and those flavored with "natural fruits" without dyes, and/or exhibiting characters of high advertising appeal, had higher prices. There was a lack of regulation and standardization of information for parents.(AU)

Analysis of green tea compounds and their stability in dentifrices of different pH levels.

In this study, green tea compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids) were analyzed in green tea-containing dentifrices, and their stability at different pH levels was evaluated. The compounds were separated under 0.01% phosphoric acid-acetonitrile gradient conditions and detected by photodiode array detector at 210, 280, 300, 335 nm. Column temperature was set at 20°C based on the results of screening various temperatures. Each compound showed good linearity at optimized wavelength as well as showing good precision and accuracy in dentifrices. Using this method, the stability of compounds was investigated in pH 4, 7, 8, and 10 solutions for 96 h, and in pH 7 and pH 10 solutions for 6 months. The green tea compounds were more stable at low pH levels; purine alkaloids were more stable than flavonoids. In particular, gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and myricetin almost disappeared in pH 10 solutions after 96 h. In dentifrices, the compounds were gradually decreased until 6 months in both pH types, while gallic acid was increased because of production of galloyl ester of other green tea compounds. Therefore, it is beneficial to adjust to as low a pH as possible when produce green tea-containing dentifrices.

Protective effects of SnF2 - Part II. Deposition and retention on pellicle-coated enamel.

UNLABELLED: Deposition of an acid-resistant barrier onto enamel represents a potentially superior means for delivering protection against dietary, erosive acid challenges. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of a stabilised stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) dentifrice to: (1) deposit a SnF2 barrier layer onto pellicle-coated enamel surfaces; (2) increase the intensity of the barrier layer over time; and (3) be retained on the enamel surface for hours after product use. METHODS: Squares of human enamel were exposed to pooled saliva for 1 hour (pellicle formation) and separated into six sets. Set 1 was treated with the supernatant of a 1:3 slurry of the test dentifrice (Crest(®) Pro-Health(®) : water for 2 minutes), then rinsed. Set 2 was treated in the same manner and then placed into saliva (6 hours). Set 3 was cycled through seven repeated treatments. Set 4 was treated for seven cycles and then placed into saliva (6 hours). Set 5 was a water control, and set 6 was a water control that remained in saliva for 6 hours. Surface analysis of specimens was done using laser ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). RESULTS: Deposition of a barrier layer was demonstrated, beginning with the initial treatment, with Sn (using isotopes (117) Sn + (120) Sn) measured on the enamel surface as the reference marker. Deposition of the barrier layer was greater after seven cycles, and the retention of this layer was highly significant (P = 0.05, anova: 6 hours). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that: (1) the stabilised SnF2 dentifrice deposits a barrier layer onto the enamel surface, beginning with the first use of the product; (2) this barrier is enhanced following multiple treatments; and (3) the barrier layer is retained on the enamel surface for hours after product use.

Concentração de flúor em dentifrícios comercializados no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Fluoride Concentration in Commercial Brands of Dentifrices Available in the State of Paraíba, Brazil

Objetivo: Verificar a concentração de flúor total (FT), flúor solúvel total (FST) e flúor iônico (FI) nos dentifrícios comercializados no Estado da Paraíba e avaliar as concentrações de FST em relação à presença de ar condicionado nos estabelecimentos comerciais e em relação às normas brasileiras vigentes. Método: As amostras foram coletadas de acordo com a disponibilidade e variedade de marcas comerciais (n= 18) em 11 cidades distribuídas em todas as regiões do estado. As análises das amostras (n= 69) foram feitas em triplicata, nas quais se utilizou eletrodo específico após hidrólise do flúor ionizável em HCl, neutralização com NaOH e tamponamento com TISAB II. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e foi utilizado o teste paramétrico ANOVA, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A maioria das amostras (83,3%) possuía flúor na forma de monofluorfosfato de sódio. Em relação ao abrasivo, 72,2% apresentavam carbonato de cálcio. As concentrações (ppm) médias de FST encontradas nos dentifrícios nos grupos com e sem ar condicionado em estabelecimentos comerciais não diferiram estatisticamente (p>0,05). Observou-se que, das 18 marcas analisadas, 16 estão de acordo com as normas da ANVISA apresentando valores logo abaixo dos 1500 ppm e apenas duas amostras excederam este limite. Conclusão: Não há diferença nas concentrações de flúor entre os estabelecimentos com e sem ar condicionado, a maioria dos dentifrícios estão de acordo com as normas brasileiras da ANVISA e também conforme as informações em suas embalagens.

Objective: To assess total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and ionic fluoride (FI) concentrations in commercial brands of dentifrices available in the State of Paraíba, Brazil and to evaluate TSF concentrations in the dentifrices in air-conditioned retail stores and whether they conform to the Brazilian up-to-date regulations.Method: The samples were collected according to the availability and variety of commercial brands (n=18) in 11 cities scattered in all regions of the state of Paraíba. Sample analyses (n=69) were made in triplicate with a specific electrode after hydrolysis of the ionizable fluoride in HCl, neutralization in NaOH and buffering in TISAB II. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA at a 5% significance level.Results: Most of the samples (83.3%) contained fluoride in the form of sodium monofluorphosphate. The abrasive agent was calcium carbonate in 72.2% of the samples. The mean TFS concentrations (ppm) detected in the dentifrices purchased from retail stores with and without air conditioning had no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). It was also observed that 16 out of the 18 analyzed commercial brands conformed to the ANVISA regulations, with fluorides concentration just below 1,500 ppm threshold. Only two samples exceeded this value.Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in fluoride concentrations in the dentifrices from air-conditioned and non air-conditioned stores; most of the dentifrices were in accordance with the Brazilian regulations and also with the information on their packages.

In vitro enamel remineralization by low-fluoride toothpaste with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate.

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of a low fluoride toothpaste (450 µgF/g, NaF) combined with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel remineralization. Bovine enamel blocks had the enamel surface polished sequentially to determine the surface hardness. After production of artificial carious lesions, the blocks selected by their surface hardness were submitted to remineralization pH cycling and daily treatment with dentifrice suspensions (diluted in deionized water or artificial saliva): placebo, 275, 450, 550 and 1,100 µgF/g and commercial dentifrice (positive control, 1,100 µgF/g). Finally, the surface and cross-section hardness was determined for calculating the change of surface hardness (%SH) and mineral content (%∆Z). Fluoride in enamel was also determined. The data from %SH, %∆Z and fluoride were subjected to two-way analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls's test (p<0.05). The mineral gain (%SH and %∆Z) was higher for toothpastes diluted in saliva (p<0.05), except for the 450 µgF/g dentifrice with Cacit/TMP (p>0.05). The 450 Cacit/TMP toothpaste and the positive control showed similar results (p>0.05) when diluted in water. A dose-response was observed between fluoride concentration in toothpastes and fluoride present in enamel, regardless of dilution. It was concluded that it is possible to enhance the remineralization capacity of low F concentration toothpaste by of organic (Cacit) and inorganic (TMP) compounds with affinity to hydroxyapatite.

In Vitro Enamel Remineralization by Low-Fluoride Toothpaste with Calcium Citrate and Sodium Trimetaphosphate

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of a low fluoride toothpaste (450 µgF/g, NaF) combined with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel remineralization. Bovine enamel blocks had the enamel surface polished sequentially to determine the surface hardness. After production of artificial carious lesions, the blocks selected by their surface hardness were submitted to remineralization pH cycling and daily treatment with dentifrice suspensions (diluted in deionized water or artificial saliva): placebo, 275, 450, 550 and 1,100 µgF/g and commercial dentifrice (positive control, 1,100 µgF/g). Finally, the surface and cross-section hardness was determined for calculating the change of surface hardness (%SH) and mineral content (%∆Z). Fluoride in enamel was also determined. The data from %SH, %∆Z and fluoride were subjected to two-way analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls's test (p<0.05). The mineral gain (%SH and %∆Z) was higher for toothpastes diluted in saliva (p<0.05), except for the 450 µgF/g dentifrice with Cacit/TMP (p>0.05). The 450 Cacit/TMP toothpaste and the positive control showed similar results (p>0.05) when diluted in water. A dose-response was observed between fluoride concentration in toothpastes and fluoride present in enamel, regardless of dilution. It was concluded that it is possible to enhance the remineralization capacity of low F concentration toothpaste by of organic (Cacit) and inorganic (TMP) compounds with affinity to hydroxyapatite.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar in vitro o efeito de um dentifrício com reduzida concentração de fluoreto (450 µgF/g, NaF) associado ao citrato de cálcio (Cacit) e trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) na remineralização do esmalte. Blocos de esmalte bovino tiveram sua superfície de esmalte polida seqüencialmente para determinação da dureza de superfície. Após o desenvolvimento de lesões artificiais de cárie, os blocos selecionados através da dureza de superfície foram submetidos a ciclagem de remineralização e tratamento diário com suspensões de dentifrícios (diluição em água deionizada ou saliva artificial): placebo, 275, 450, 550 e 1.100 µgF/g e com dentifrício comercial (controle positivo, 1.100 µgF/g). Ao término, determinou-se a dureza de superfície e em secção longitudinal, para cálculo da variação da dureza de superfície (%SH) e do conteúdo mineral (%∆Z). O fluoreto presente no esmalte também foi determinado. Os dados de %SH, %∆Z e fluoreto foram submetidos a análise de variância a dois critérios seguido pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). O ganho mineral (%SH e %∆Z) foi maior para os dentifrícios diluídos em saliva (p<0,05), exceto para os dentifrícios 450 µg F/g com Cacit/TMP (p>0,05). Os dentifrícios 450 Cacit/TMP e controle positivo apresentaram resultados semelhantes (p>0,05) quando diluídos em água. Uma relação dose-resposta foi observada entre a concentração de fluoreto nos dentifrícios e o fluoreto presente no esmalte, independente da diluição. Concluiu-se que é possível melhorar a capacidade de remineralização de dentifrícios com reduzida concentração de fluoreto pela adição de compostos orgânico (Cacit) e inorgânico (TMP) com afinidade a hidroxiapatita.

Dentifrício à base de ALOE VERA e Própolis na redução de placa dental: estudo comparativo

A fitoterapia é uma prática usada desde a antiguidade e, no âmbito odontológico, observa-se grande número de dentifrícios com extratos de plantas e produtos naturais incorporados em suas formulações, como Aloe vera e própolis, devido as suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antimicrobianas. Proposição: comparar a eficácia de um dentifrício com Aloe vera e própolis em sua formulação no controle da placa dental supragengival em relação a outro de uso difundido e sem esses componentes. Material a Métodos: foram analisados os índices de placa (IHOS – índice de higiene oral simplificado) em 30 pacientes divididos em três grupos, sendo o grupo I (apenas água e escova dental para higienização bucal), o grupo II (Colgate Ação Total) e o grupo III (Forever Bright Tooth Gel) nos dias zero e após 15 dias, tendo-se submetidos os dados a análise estatística comparativa, Teste de Fiedman (p < 0,0001) e Teste de Comparação Múltipla de Dunn’s (p < 0,05). Resultados: encontrou-se significância quando comparados os grupos I e II (p < 0,05) e os grupos I e III (p < 0,01), sendo que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparados os grupos II e III (p > 0,05). Conclusão: não houve desvantagem do dentifrício com Aloe vera e própolis em sua formulação em relação a outro dentifrício de uso difundido no controle de placa dental supragengival e o uso de dentifrícios pela população em geral é importante para suprir deficiências nas técnicas de higiene bucal através da ação de substâncias com ação efetiva no controle da placa dental e no intuito de evitar a desmotivação dos pacientes.

[Fluoride levels in commercial dentifrices and drinking water in Algeria]. / Dosage du fluor dans les dentifrices commercialisés et les eaux de consommation en Algérie.

More and more scientific evidence show that fluorides have a cariostatic action to the plaque-saliva-tooth interface during cariogenous dissolution. Fluorides slow down demineralization and enhance remineralization. Their action is optimal, in the oral environment, when used at low concentrations on a continuous basis. The use of the fluorinated toothpastes during brushing of the teeth is a simple, rational method of daily topics application of fluorine, largely used in the context of prevention of dental caries and which can even be regarded as a public health measure. The water ingestion fluorinated represents itself an excellent average of the local application of fluorine. Our work concerned a quantitative study of fluorine in toothpaste and drinking water, and comparative between the local product and the imported one for the toothpastes, and the mineral water and public supply. The standard method of fluorine based on the potentiometry and distillation has shown that 50% of the tested toothpastes contain adequate concentration so that a product of dental care fights against decay. The Tlemcen tap water contains acceptable fluorine content, but the mineral water, with an excessive contribution, can cause fluorose. Of this, we can deduce that a topical application of a suitable quantity of fluorine on a daily basis in accordance with the precautions is not only the prevention of dental caries, but also to stabilize it if it already exists.

Dentifrices - an update

Objectives; The objective of this paper was to review the published evidence concerning the efficacy and potential for adverse reactions of modern dentifrices toothpastes. Data sources; Publications cited on MEDLINE since1990. Some further pre-1990 publications are also referenced. Data selection; Studies concerning the efficacy of dentifrices and their components and any related putative adverse incidents. Data extraction; Papers were scrutinised for scientific and trial data. Data synthesis; Data concerning the efficacy of dentifrice components were summarised. Conclusions; The efficacy of fluoride salts in dentifrices in reducing dental caries is well established.Toothpastes, containing triclosan, are effective in improving plaque control, gingivitis and periodontal health.Other tooth paste formulations are effective in reducing the formation of calculus, extrinsic tooth stain, dentine sensitivity and oral malodour. The consumer now has available a range of toothpastes which deliver oral health benefits. Adverse reactions to toothpastes are rare but should be considered in unexplained skin or respiratory allergies and gingival or lip lesions (AU)

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